1	Pest Management National Museum of the American Indian September 9-13, 2002
2	Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Operational strategy Ecosystem approach to pest control Initially developed for agriculture and urban pest management Preventive approach Protects the museum and its collections Reduces pesticide use Less expensive and more time efficient than combating entrenched infestation
3	Components of an IPM Program Monitoring Inspection Identification Habitat Modification
4	The IPM Process Serves To: Determine type & extent of biological activity Prevent pest access & survival Establish damage & action thresholds Develop actions to modify conditions Develop treatments for infestations
5	Keys to IPM Success: Detection is key to prevention Reduce pest access, survival/breeding grounds Prevent building deterioration Establish thresholds for monitoring Develop action plans to modify conditions Become familiar with bugs & their habitats Maintain good records
6	Building Environment Outside vs. Inside
7	Exterior: Roofing Are shingles on the roof damaged by winter ice? Are they wet, growing moss or fungi? Are there holes, gaps, cracks, corroded areas? Check for insect or rodent entryways Inspect roof areas for birds and bats. Droppings may harbor infestations
8	Exterior: Landscaping Plants and mulch encourage insect activity near exterior walls Do not encourage ivy or vines to grow on walls Check wood outside for termite activity Ensure that water drains away from the building
9	Exterior: Landscaping - Solutions Re-design landscaping Adding rock/gravel will reduce insects Use non-flowering plants Contract Pest Management company for outside activity such as termites, ants, rodents, wasp nest, etc.
10	Exterior: Vegetation Increases potential for pest entrance at basement or entry level Grass should be cut regularly Overgrown weeds and brush is perfect for rodent breeding
11	Exterior: Lighting Try to keep lights off the building and mount away from building Moths and other bugs are attracted to UV lights Use Sodium lights when possible
12	Exterior: Bird Nests Remove bird nests in surrounding areas Nests harvest dermestids and other insects Use wire mesh to cover areas where birds can nest Do not feed pigeons, which may harbor clothes moths
13	Doors Keep doors closed whenever possible Make sure doors are properly aligned in frames Check cracks or gaps between frames or surrounding walls Check for water leakage near doors that might attract occasional invaders For loading dock and outside doors, allow only one door open at a time
14	"Use weather stripping and keep..." Use weather stripping and keep in good condition Flat plate vs. wavy Use door sweeps Place pest traps near door entrances
15	Windows Keep windows closed Use blinds, shades, or curtains Use Ultra Violet filters, replace when needed Check for cracks, insulate window frames
16	Attic, Cellar, Basement Inspect regularly for leaks Check air vents and ducts Change air filters Check for insect or rodent entryways Prevent mold growth which attracts insects by keeping basements dry Insulate water pipes to prevent water condensation
17	Inside Implement a no food policy inside collection areas Monitor traps monthly or bi-monthly Alert others of your inspections so that they can work with you Educate staff
18	Interior: Carpets and Furniture Check underneath rugs or carpets for any signs of bugs Vacuum frequently specially in hard to reach areas After special events check furniture for food and dirt left behind
19	Interior: Caulking Caulk cracks, crevices, electrical outlet areas, drainpipes or other plumbing When doing building inspection check for areas to re-caulk Inspect outside walls for entry ways such as lights, tubing, and holes that can be caulked
20	Other building structures Check and seal outlets Watch out for pipe leaks inside building Cover any big holes found inside
21	Interior: Plants Keep live plants and flowers inside to a minimum Keep delivered bouquet(s) at front desk Avoid fresh flower display Dermestids like to feed on pollen
22	Interior: Animals NO PETS in or near collection areas Sorry, but they do carry bugs with them
23	Habit Modification: Housekeeping Dust attracts insects, dead insects are eaten by dermestids Eliminate dust, dirt and particulates as much as possible Develop a maintenance schedule of housekeeping chores for collection areas Work along with facilities/maintenance staff
24	Habit Modification: Dust Protect objects in storage from dust that will attract pests by using plastic sheeting, linen sheets, or muslin
25	Habit Modification: Garbage Disposal Dispose of garbage daily Keep garbage container far away from building Be aware of dumpster pick up schedule Make sure garbage bins have lids
26	Habit Modification: Kitchens Limit food and beverage only in kitchens or break rooms Wash dishes immediately and put away clean dishes Put all food refuse in kitchen garbage cans Keep food in containers
27	Habit Modification: Food Do not leave food uncovered Areas where food is allowed should be cleaned daily
28	Habit Modification: Material Storage Reduce unnecessary material storage If you recycle make sure material does not carry bugs Raise all materials off floors and away from exterior walls on palettes or skids Bugs love to hide in cardboard, avoid creating microclimates
29	New Acquisitions and Loans Do not allow bugs to infiltrate by hiding in other objects or material Inspect all packaging material, boxes, crates and incoming acquisitions or loans for insect activity Before storing objects, vacuum and inspect Early detection is important and can prevent infestations in the future
30	Monitoring Tools Of The Trade
31	Monitoring Create a pest committee and designate a person(s) that works with collections to be the pest manager
32	Monitoring: Traps Choose an appropriate trap Sticky traps Pheromone traps UV light traps Decide on appropriate placement Place along perimeter of room Hang Keep good records Make a room layout to identify location of traps Keep log of room numbers and number your traps Use trap covers for prevent loss of traps and to keep away dust Use signs to alert others of trap locations
33	Monitoring: Trap Covers
34	Monitoring: UV Light Traps Inside use UV light traps for flying bugs Do not purchase zapping UV light traps, use glue boards instead Change and inspect monthly Make sure UV lights do not shine directly on collections
35	Identification After recording, identify any insects that are captured Correct identification is important to determine if collection is at risk Use published references and consult with specialist such as entomologist from a University Share knowledge with staff and other museums
36	Identification: Types of Pests Microorganisms Vertebrate Pests Insects
37	Identification: Microorganisms Mold and/or mildew are a type of fungus Affect proteinaceous and cellulose based materials Spores are carried by insects or animals Prevalent in relative humidity above 65% and above 75° F temperatures Noticed by odor, permanent staining, furry spore growth Can be harmful to people with asthma, allergies, and other respiratory problems Adequate circulation will help prevent mold growth
38	Identification: Vertebrate Pests Mice can climb through a hole the size of a dime Carry deceases, reproduce quickly Snap traps are inexpensive, place then along the side of walls Do not use poison, because rats might die inside walls or crawl spaces and attract insects and can smell For bait use peanut butter or Slim Jims
39	Identification: Insects Not all insects found in museums will damage collections It’s important to identify the type of materials they need to live or feed Protein feeders Common Carpet Beetles & Webbing Clothes Moths Woodborers Termites & Furniture Beetles Mold feeders Booklice & Psocids Starch feeders Silverfish & Firebrat Omnivores Cockroaches & Crickets
40	Dermestids Survive in very dry places, very persistent Feed on all dry proteinaceous materials, including furs, textiles, feathers, leather, wool Laval stage causes more significant damage than adults
41	Odd Beetles (Thylodrias Contractus) Female 3-4 mm long, entirely wingless “larviform”
42	Odd Beetles: Larva 3-4 mm, light brown with fringe, hairs on all segments Lacks tufts of dense fine hairs at the end of body
43	Varied Carpet Beetle (Anthrenus Verbasci) 2-5 mm, oval, compact body Speckled or blotched with patches of colored scales Survive in dry places Feed on dried proteinaceous materials, including furs, textiles Similar to Odd beetle but also will feed on starchy plant materials
44	Varied Carpet Beetle: Larva 3 mm, elongate-oval, with mix of long and short hairs Tufts of hair at the tail end
45	Black Carpet Beetles (Attagenus unicolor) 2-3 mm, black, oval, covered with short hairs Feeds on dry animal/plant proteins, dead insects and nests, animal carcasses, feathers, hair, etc.
46	Black Carpet Beetles: Larva 6-10 mm, tan, with scale-like setae and long bristles on body, tapered from head to tail, with long tassel Eats a variety of stored products of plant or animal origin
47	Other Types of Dermestid Beetles Warehouse Beetle (Trogoderma Variable) 3-4 mm, elongated, black or dark brown with wavy tan bands on elytra Adults do not feed Other Dermestids Include Furniture carpet beetle Museum beetle Wardrobe beetle Hide beetle Larder beetle Cigarette beetle Drugstore beetle
48	Case Making Clothes Moths (Tinea pellionella) Webbing Clothes Moth (Tineola bisselliella)
49	Wood boring beetles Wood boring insects such as common furniture beetle, lay eggs in wood. They also eat paper Wood larvae eat at the wood for 2-3 years. Powder post beetle can damage hard woods or bamboo The wing adults emerge from holes of woods Wood dust or frass may fall off objects, it can indicate past or present pest activity
50	Environmental Indicator Bugs Minute Brown Scavenger Beetle Psocids Pill bugs Springtails Drain flies All of these bugs indicate increased temperature and humidity, or time to clean out drains Keep collections in dry conditions, preferably in 45° F, relative humidity
51	Minute Brown Scavenger Beetle (Lathridiidae) 1 mm or less, uniformly pale brown, body parts distinct, often sculptured Requires higher relative humidity, grazes on mold spores, mildew, starchy materials, may etch surfaces of artifacts
52	Booklice or Psocids (Liposcelis corrodens) Less than 1mm, pale cream-color, wingless or winged, can be translucent and striped body Etch surfaces of starchy or protein-based materials, including glues, book bindings, new plaster Needs relative high humidity environment to breed and survive
53	Pill bugs Pill bugs can be found in moist environments Known as nuisance and occasional invaders Dead bugs can attract dermestids
54	Springtails May be regional insect Show up in abundance where there is a moist environment Nuisance and found in doorways where water may flow in
55	Drain Flies And Other Moths Drain flies surface in drains that require cleaning and draining Occasionally you will find moths that are not very harmful but are attracted by lights and will find their way inside
56	Silverfish and Firebrat (Lepismatidae, Thysanura) 10-15mm, silvery to pale brown, flattened and tapered body, found in cool damp areas Firebrat has more coloration but looks much like a silverfish minus the silver coloring, found in warm areas Feed on books, binding, paper, clothes, wallpaper paste, food starches
57	Roaches German Cockroach (Blatella germanica) Shiny pale tan with dark longtidinal markins, fully winged, omnivorous, reproduce quickly Oriental Cockroach (Blatta Orientalis) Shiny dark brown to black, short wings, back is in shape of diamond American Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) Reddish brown, fully winged, needs moisture and warmth Wood Cockroach Slender body, light brown, predominant wings, found in mulch Seal crevices, keep food areas clean, maintain general sanitation
58	Reporting Record data in log sheet and distribute Logged data should be kept to analyze for trends and seasonal activity Establish thresholds…(e.g. finding two Varied Carpet Beetles is too many, immediate action needs to be taken)
59	If You Notice Live Pests In The Building Collect insects intact Put in Ziploc bag, label with date, location, and initials Notify collection or conservation staff to identify The area should be inspected and, if necessary, thoroughly cleaned Have bug boxes available for people to place questionable bugs Keep a log of all bugs found
60	If You Notice Live Pests On An Object Call designated pest management person or/and conservator immediately Do not move the object Any infested object and/or drawer must be bagged before moving to any other location Conservator or Collections staff will fill out a Pest Incident Report The area should be thoroughly cleaned afterwards Identify pest and evaluate problem Document any necessary treatment
61	Isolation Isolate infested objects immediately by sealing them in a polyethylene bag
62	Treatment: Freezing For best results keep objects at - 42º for one week Once removed let them thaw for 24hrs
63	Treatment: Anoxia Ageless Packets and Marvel Seal can absorb all oxygen from contained object and kill bugs
64	Summary Implement a yearly building inspection Designate one or two weeks out of a year to ensure thorough housekeeping Keep record and analyze Establish action thresholds Learn your bugs
65	Pest Management National Museum of the American Indian September 9-13, 2002