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PREVENTION

Learn how to get started with IPM by reducing pests' access to your collections by examining your facility, implementing appropriate procedures and training staff.
  • Prevention
  • IPM Policies
  • Bibliography
Unless a specific institution is credited, the resources on this page have been developed by the Integrated Pest Management Working Group. For more on the IPM-WG please click here.

The institutional documents here have been provided by various members of the museum community reviewed and vetted by the IPM-WG’s Standards and Best Practices Committee.

Please remember that these have been created for specific institutions and are provided here only for reference as you create policy statements for your institution.

Contact the appropriate institution for clarification or permission to adapt these documents as appropriate.

Where ever possible, IPM seeks to prevent infestations rather than treat them. Proper prevention requires determining how pests might get into your building and into collections areas and, once they are in, what might allow them to continue to live and breed there.The seven sections below detail the various approaches to preventing infestations.

To assist institutions in implementing the specific procedures needed to execute a comprehensive IPM program, the IPM-WG has developed a series of procedures templates. The templates can be found within their respective sections below. The documents contain suggested headers and topics to guide you in writing documents tailored to your institution and situation. Some examples of additional resources written by individual institutions are also given here for reference.

Building Envelope

The building envelope is the barrier between the outdoor and indoor environments.  The following steps should be taken to create a successful barrier that keeps pests out:

First, its important to understand the ecosystem in which your institution is located. The region (e.g. Southwest v. Northeast) and location of your institution (e.g. near a body of water, surrounded by extensive landscaping, etc.) will factor into the environmental pressures and types of pests you will be prone to.

Second, identify the manner in which a building may become infested with pests and vermin. This includes analyzing the construction of the building and any additions, identifying routes of entry into the structure (e.g. cracks in roofs or walls, poorly sealed doors or windows). The IPM-WG has created a Building Envelope Tip Sheet that may be used as an inspection checklist for your building.

The IPM-WG has created a template "Preventing Access Procedures" document that can be used to create one geared to your institution.

The Riverside Municipal Museum’s presentation "IPM Inside and Out: Pest Management as a Strategy for Improvements in Museum Practices, Museum Facilities and Public Understanding" given at the 2003 Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections Annual Meeting (2003) explores the institution’s implementation of a CALEPA Department of Pesticide Regulation Pesticide Reduction Demonstration Project Grant, providing funds for staff time and training, pest monitoring supplies, and modification of the museum’s exterior environment through implementation of a new landscape design. Click here to view this presentation online.

The Cornell University Libraries’ educational and training PowerPoint presentation on Integrated Pest Management gives an overview of IPM practices with good information on preventing access at the building level. The presentation created in 2007 by Joan M. Brink also gives descriptions of insects and rodent pests that affect library and archive collections with pictures of damage to these types of materials. Click here to download (19 MB)

Conservation and Collections Management staff at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian developed this PowerPoint presentation in 2003 for in-house staff training. Created by Rachael Perkins Arenstein and Veronica Quiquango, it gives an overview of the goals and methods for implementing an IPM program including exterior and interior building modifications, monitoring, identification, reporting and treatment. Click here to download (17 MB)

Integrated pest management challenges in a retrofitted building for Yale Peabody Museum collections, by Lynn A. Jones and Raymond J. Pupedis, published in Collection Forum Spring 2011, Vol. 25:1-2 discusses the institution's challenges in retrofitting the building envelope for safe housing of museum collections.  Copyright 2011 Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections. (Permission granted for use on museumpests.net)

Environmental Controls

Environmental controls should aim to maintain an environment that is not hospitable for pests. Environmental factors that can be controlled include; cleanliness, temperature, relative humidity and lighting. Ideally, your institution should strive to maintain environmental conditions that both discourage pests from being drawn into collections areas and from flourishing if they do enter.

The IPM-WG has created two template documents that can be used to create procedure documents specificly geared to your institution. One focuses on the control of climate and water sources, and the other on housekeeping procedures.

Protocols & Procedures

Staff, visitors, and vendors may unwittingly contribute to pest issues.  It is important to ensure that you have policies and procedures that discourage this.  Some basic tips include:

  • Keeping food and food preparation far away from collections housing.

  • Making sure that collection areas are kept clean and free of trash, debris and foodstuffs that could encourage pests will also enable good housekeeping and help prevent infestations. The IPM-WG has created a template for creating your own document on institutional housekeeping procedures.

What can you do to prevent infestations? is a bilingual (English and French) memo developed by the Canadian Museum of Nature that outlines five points for staff to follow in efforts to keep spaces free from food that may serve as a pest attractant. The memo was originally distributed to staff along with pest proof containers for use in their cubicles.

The IPM-WG has created a template for creating your own procedures document for Control of Food and Live Plants.

Understanding the Nature and Vulnerabilty of Your Collection

Some collections are more vulnerable than others. Choices can be made on where and how these types of materials are stored or accessed. The type of storage furniture (e.g. closed cabinets versus open shelving), and storage materials will have an impact on pest management.

For an example on how this was approached at one institution download Integrated pest management challenges in a retrofitted building for Yale Peabody Museum collections, by Lynn A. Jones and Raymond J. Pupedis, published in Collection Forum Spring 2011, Vol. 25:1-2.  Copyright 2011 Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections. (Permission granted for use on museumpests.net)

Examination and Quarantine

In addition to physical barriers, behavioral barriers can also prevent the introduction of pests in your collections.  Bringing in an infested object can lead to a pest issue that spreads throughout your collection and/or building.  Care should be taken to inspect and monitor all materials brought into the museum, including circulating or loaned objects, new donations, and non-collection materials.  It’s recommended as best practice to isolate all incoming materials.  This can be done through quarantine or “bagging,” described in more detail below:

The U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center created a one-page document Procedures for Collections Materials Suspected of Having Mold designed for museum staff to inform them of the four steps to take if they suspect that an object has been affected by mold.

Monitoring, Data and Analysis Procedures Template

For more information on treatment of infestations please see our Treatment page.

For more information on monitoring pests please see our Monitoring page

Awareness and Training

All staff members in an institution must have some understanding of why pests are dangerous to the collections and what to do if they find either live or dead pests around the building. Staff training, is necessary to ensure ongoing success of an IPM program. Educating visitors is also helpful in helping reduce activity that fosters pest access. Below you can view examples of some ways in which institutions provided training to staff and the public with PowerPoint slide shows, brochures, posters and other methods to ensure that everyone understands their role in successfully maintaining a pest-free environment.
 

  • The Cornell University Libraries’ educational and training PowerPoint presentation on Integrated Pest Management gives an overview of IPM practices with good information on preventing access at the building level. The presentation created in 2007 by Joan M. Brink also gives descriptions of insects and rodent pests that affect library and archive collections with pictures of damage to these types of materials. Click here to download (19 MB)
  • Conservation and Collections Management staff at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian developed this PowerPoint presentation in 2003 for in-house staff training. Created by Rachael Perkins Arenstein and Veronica Quiquango, it gives an overview of the goals and methods for implementing an IPM program including exterior and interior building modifications, monitoring, identification, reporting and treatment. Click here to download (17 MB)
  • London’s Natural History Museum created different PowerPoint presentations for in-house training of different groups of staff. Click here to download the overview presentation with information on identification, preventive strategies and procedures for general staff (32 MB). The more targeted presentation which examines the Entomology department’s procedures for monitoring, preventing and dealing with pest infestations can be viewed online.  Click here to download (19 MB).
  • The Canadian Museum of Nature’s Pest Management at the CMN document  serves as a basic introduction to general IPM practices and ideas and outlines staff responsibilities as they relate to the institutional IPM program while providing information on several pests and the damage they may cause.
  • The U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center created a one-page document If You Notice Live Pests... designed for museum staff and informs them of the six steps to take if they observe a live pest on an object.
  • Smithsonian Institution - National Museum of the American Indian School Program Guide, distributed to school groups that have made a reservation to visit to the NMAI, includes a section on page 3 which highlights the rules that are in place to ''make sure the entire collection is safe and remains undamaged." This section, while informational, also acts to educate visitors about collection care techniques, including IPM.

  • Margot Brunn and Shannon Coles of the  Royal Alberta Museum have created a "Flies in Museums" PDF fact sheet for the identification of common flies and to educate museum staff on the damage they can cause.

Additional resources

The Pest ‘Flashcards,’ created by the students of Sir Sandford Fleming College’s Museum Management and Curatorship program are useful for in-house staff training, giving some descriptive appearance information along with a black and white line drawings and comically-presented facts on behavior.

For more detailed information on pest identification and behavior please visit the Identification section of this site. 
 

Governance

For an IPM policy to be successfully implemented there must be institutional ‘buy-in’ at many levels to ensure everything from funding to the execution of IPM related policy. To view or print this information in an easy-to-read grid format click here.

Institutional Buy-In
For an IPM policy to be successfully implemented there must be institutional ‘buy-in’ at many levels to ensure everything from funding to the execution of IPM related policy.

·         Administration
o    What is their role in promoting IPM?
§ Identify IPM as an institutional priority at all levels
§ Help utilize or develop ties to existing local government resources (e.g. sanitation and health regulations).
§ Allocate funding to get IPM on capital plans for infrastructure/repair, monitoring services, education
§ Reinforce primary IPM nature of custodial work
§ Recognize hidden IPM threat and subsequent costs in events & construction
o    What is their incentive?
§ Allocation of funds to support an essential and effective IPM program with measurable results should convince them that this will save money
§ Convince them that they’re preserving collections value & saving staff time (triage)
§ Improve staff health by reduction in pesticide use, allergen exposure, pest borne disease.
§ Recognize public relations issues with infestation such as passing pests on to other institutions, health audits, and accreditation.
o    What tools/arguments are effective in making the case for IPM?
§ Examples of successful studies
§ Cost Analysis of IPM activities.
§ Risk Assessment
§ Quantify IPM time allocation, hazards learned from trapping and inspections, history and extent of damage to collection by pests, remediation costs.
·         Building Management (custodial, HVAC, construction, grounds, shipping)
o    What is their role in promoting IPM?
§ Custodial Services is the primary line of defense against pests – staff should be involved in reporting pest sightings (with basic training), and the frequency of duties that affect pest activity (e.g. emptying trash) should be examined for efficacy.
§ Construction - pest management clause in contracts (seal off affected area to a standard, cleanliness/sanitation levels, etc.)
§ Shipping – monitor/look for problems, reporting, know regulations
§ Grounds – knowledge about exterior plant design, choice of plants, reporting of seasonal outbreaks
§  HVAC – window policies, opening screens, filtration standards, maintenance.
§  Exterior door seal choices, installation and maintenance, bird nettings etc.
o    What is their incentive?
§ Elevated status for custodial in eyes of administration.
§ Construction leaves institutions vulnerable to pests (and other hazards).
§ Administration will want Building Management to exercise due diligence in protecting the collection from harm.
§ International traffic in pest organisms attached to goods is becoming more regulated as it is recognized as a serious economic hazard. Crating and shipping staff will be responsible for meeting regulations.
§ Some pests are indicators of building mould problems. Mould remediation is a costly problem. Early detection of building mould is a potential cost savings. Prevention preserves human health.
o    What tools/arguments are effective in making the case for IPM?
§ Training packages showing what is needed from building management for effective IPM with explanations and examples of repercussions if actions are not effective.
§ Develop templates of IPM related inclusions for contracts.
·          Security & Safety
o    What is their role in promoting IPM?
§ In their role of visitor and staff control, security performs policy enforcement and reporting functions. IPM needs to be tied more intimately to security for the following benefits: keeping doors closed, noticing pest activities at night, restricting food use to allocated places.
§ Safety: fumigation alarms tied to security system alarm panel, freezer alarms, monitor external door closure as seal against miscreants and pests.
§ Hazardous materials (pesticides, fumigants) often fall under safety/security concerns.
o    What is their incentive?
§ IPM offers a lowering of use of hazardous chemicals, restriction of pesticides and the reduced need for giving applicators access to collections areas.
§ Security and IPM can assist each other by staying current on legislation and providing safer alternatives to the institution.
o    What tools/arguments are effective in making the case for IPM?
§ Develop training materials on basic IPM awareness, identification, and useful contribution through reporting pest sightings.
§ Link to sources of fumigant transport, use and pesticide use regulations, and develop template policies to ensure artifact safety.
·         External Vendors (food services, events, shops)
o    What is their role in promoting IPM?
§ Follow wording of contracts (with vendors, catering etc.)
§ Report detection of pest problems with their inventory or locale.
§ Follow IPM requests for events, facilitate custodial activities.
o    What is their incentive?
§ A good working relation between institution and the vendor will lead to future business. An informed vendor, sensitive to institutional concerns is more likely to be engaged. The institution should be equally gracious in any forthcoming information on revealed pest problems.
§ Develop contract templates to note proscribed behaviors, timely clean up etc.
o    What tools/arguments are effective in making the case for IPM?
§ Develop training materials for events that deal with proper quarantine inspection of incoming goods and post event handling of flowers, garbage, prop materials etc. Integrate with custodial training.
·          Collections/Research (staff, researchers)
o    What is their role in promoting IPM?
§ Include IPM in loan policy, visitor policy, treatment procedures
§ Reporting function - External researchers, contractors, visitors are the ones using the collections.
§ Separate offices from collections to zone areas of IPM control.
o    What is their incentive?
§ Collections staff should be the most sensitive to pest hazards, and are the most exposed to pest control methods, current or past.
§ Professional standards should ensure that modern IPM methods are incorporated into everyday practice.
o    What tools/arguments are effective in making the case for IPM?
§ Training staff and researchers in basic IPM principles and local practices, hazard awareness and handling precautions to protect them against pesticide residuals.
§ Develop example IPM programs that can be adopted and adapted by line collection staff in various collection types.
·          Exhibitions & Education
o    What is their role in promoting IPM?
§ Education departments could be a partner in promoting IPM education both internally and for the public. Teaching collections need to follow same standards as main collections, but often with more diligence due to potential risk of exposure to untrained public and short term volunteers (e.g. arsenic treated specimens).
§ Exhibitions contract/loan issues, case design integrating IPM principles (insect barrier, access for inspection, no hidden areas etc.), maintenance, on site construction, IPM needs to be part of the design process and have a review function in a positive role from the outset, rather than a solely remedial role.
o    What is their incentive?
§ Ability to use collections safely in the course of their professional programs, extended ability to showcase ''backroom'' collection care methods to the public. Impart a sense of ownership to visiting public in reducing the hazard from pests to augment the security role in enforcement of policies (example: food use)
o    What tools/arguments are effective in making the case for IPM?
§ Develop training package for education staff on IPM principles that could be applied to household use, and interpretation material on museum pests and how modern museums cope with them in a ''low impact'' way.
§ Suggest IPM program for interpretive support materials, such as dress up clothing (example: awareness of lice control methods) and collection elements.
·              Human Resources
o    What is their role in promoting IPM?
§ Staff training could occur at orientation (volunteers, interns, students, staff)
o    What is their incentive?
§ Assisting professional staff development is part of their job. Knowledge of professional competencies is part of their managing staff hiring and promotion processes.
o    What tools/arguments are effective in making the case for IPM?
§ Develop explanations on IPM functions and suggest sample IPM related inclusions for job descriptions.

 

To view or print this information in an easy-to-read grid format click here.

 

Additional Resources
·    The Development of Best Practices in Integrated Pest Management presentation given at a special session on best practices held at the 2008 NSCA/SPNHC meeting looks at the work of the IPM-WG in developing best practice documents for IPM. This PowerPoint presentation was created by two former Co-Chairs of the IPM-WG’s Standards & Best Practices committee. Click here to download the presentation (2 MB) in Microsoft Power Point Format. (.ppt)
 
·    The Lower East Side Tenement Museum poster "Creating and Maintaining Intra-Museum Partnerships for a Successful Integrated Pest Management Program" was presented at the 2006 SPNHC annual meeting in Albuquerque, NM. It examines the education and training program created so that all staff identify themselves as stakeholders and understand role they play in the efficacy of the IPM program and collections care. Click here to view the poster as a PDF.
 
·    For more information on institutions and organizations that provide training and education on IPM see our Education and Training section on this site
 

Policy v. Procedure

The distinction between policy and procedures is important although often poorly understood. A policy is a governing principle and provides a definition and a framework for what is to be done. It is generally written as a broad statement of objectives. A procedure is a statement of how a governing principle will be implemented. Procedures define how a policy will be carried out. For more on these terms view the IPM glossary on our Resources page.

Museum Wise: Workplace Words Defined. 2003. Paisley S. Cato, Julia Golden and Suzanne B. McLaren, eds. Washington D.C.: Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections

Developing appropriate institutional policies and procedures is not just an exercise in paperwork. These documents, when generated in a thoughtful and collaborative manner should help ensure that all the institutional stakeholders buy in to the goals of your IPM plan and are knowledgeable on how to carry it out. A good IPM plan will involve most of the following elements:
 

  • Developing collection management practices that are consistent with city, state, and Federal health safety regulations.
     
  • Methods to foster good communication with other departments responsible for ensuring the success of an IPM Plan (e.g. Facilities Operations and Custodial Services).
     
  • Procedures to facilitate a swift and unified response to pest problems among departments with the understanding that the achievable goal is management; no policy will ever eradicate the pest problem.

Policy Template:

To assist institutions in formulating and writing an IPM policy document and the specific procedures needed for implementation the IPM-WG has developed a series of templates.  Below is a template with suggested headers and topics to guide you in writing a policy tailored to your institution and situation. Some examples of additional resources written by individual institutions are also given here for reference.


Click here to assemble as PDF.

Prevention

 

Arney, J. S., A. J. Jacobs, and R. Newman. "Influence of Oxygen on the Fading of Organic Colourants." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 18 (1979): 108-17.

Arnold, William J. "Fumigation for Insect Control: Sensitive Structures, Museums and Art and Vauluables Repositories." WAAC Newsletter 7, no. 1 (1985): 6-7.

Bailey, SW, and HJ Banks. A Review of Recent Studies of the Effects of Controlled Atmospheres on Stored Product Pests, Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Grains. Amsterdam, Holland: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., 1980.

Baker, J. The Effect of Freezing on Ethnographic Materials: A Study Using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) . Chicago, USA: Department of Anthropology, Field Museum of Natural History.

Baker, M. T., H. D. Burgess, N. E. Binnie, M. R. Derrick, and J. R. Druzik. "Investigation of the Fumigant Vikane." in ICOM 9th Triennial Meeting.

Baskin, B. "Solar Bagging: Putting Sunlight to Work to Eliminate Insect Infestations in Mere Hours." WAAC Newsletter 23, no. 2 (2001): 20-21.

Bennett, G., J. Owens, and R. Corrigan. Truman's Scientific Guide to Pest Management Operations. 6th ed. Cleveland, Ohio: Advanstar Communications Inc., 2003.

Bergh, J. E., Karl-Martin Jensen, M. Akerlund, L. Hansen Stengard, and Martin Andren. "A Contribution to Standards for Freezing As a Pest Control Method for Museums." Collection Forum 21, no. 1-2 (2006): 117-25.

Bergh, J. E., L. Stenglrd Hansen, K.-M. Vagn Jensen, and P. Vaeggemose Nielsen. "The Effect of Anoxic Treatment on the Larvae of Six Species of Dermestids (Coleoptera)." Journal of Applied Entomology 127, no. 6 (2003): 317-21.

Blyth, Valerie. "Carpet Beetle the Detection, Monitoring of a Complex Site." in International Conference of Bio Deterioration of Cultural Property.

———. "The Indian Vase Carpet Fragment, Decisions and Discussions Prior to Conservation." Victoria and Albert Conservation Journal 31 (1999).

———. "Insect Trapping; The Key to Pest Management." in Pest Prints Nordic Symposium, eds David Pinninger, and Helen Kingsley.

———. "Pest Management at the Victoria and Albert Museum." in Post Prints, UKIC Furniture Section, Pest Control in Organic Materials1996.

———. "Providing Support for the Display of Bullerswood Carpet." Big Issues (2005).

———. "Three Methods of Washing Large Tapestry Hangings." The Conservator NO5 (1991).

———. "Training for Museum Staff Is a Prerequisite Fir Successful Insect Pest Management." in Proceedings of 2001 A Pest Odysee: Integrated Pest Management for Collections2001.

Blyth, Valerie, and Lynda Hillyer. "Carpet Beetle: A Pilot Study in Detection and Control." The Conservator 16 (1992).

Blyth, Valerie, and Sandra Smith. "Prevention Is Better Than the Cure." Victoria and Albert Conservation Journal 50 (2005).

Burke, J. "Anoxic Microenvironments: a Simple Guide."1, no. 1 (1996): 1-4.

Burke, J. "Vapour Barrier Films." WAAC Newsletter 14, no. 2 (1992): 13-17.

Burke, John. Materials and Equipment for Anoxic Fumigation.

Busvine, JR. Insects and Hygene. The Biology and Control of Insect Pests of Medical and Domestic Importance. 3rd ed. London: Chapman and Hall, 1980.

Carrlee, Ellen. "Does Low Temperature Pest Management Cause Damage? Literature Review and Observational Study of Ethnographic Artifacts." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 42 (2003): 141-66.

Chamberlain, William R. "A New Approach to Treating Fungus in Small Libraries." Abby Newsletter 15, no. 7 (1991): 109.
Notes: A practical article describing the response to a mould outbreak and the preventative measures that were subsequently undertaken at the Virginia State Library (USA).

Clarke, T. Pest Control Preventive Measures in StorageMuseum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 1993.

Conservation Online. "Pest Management - General References." Web page, Available at http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/pest.

Corey, Peter, Curator of Collections. "Alaska Stae Museums Bulletin Newsletters - How to Deal With Mold in Baskets." Web page, Available at http://www.museums.state.ak.us/Bulletin/basketmold.html.

Corrigan, R. M. Rodent Control, A Practical Guide for Pest Management Professionals. Cleveland, Ohio: GIE Media Inc., 2001.

Daniel, V, G Hanlon, and S Maekawa. "Eradication of Insect Pests in Museums Using Nitrogen." WAAC Newsletter 15, no. 3 (1993): 15-19.

Daniel, V, G Hanlon, and S Maekawa. "Non-Toxic Fumigation of Large Objects."21st Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Conservation1993.

Daniel, V, G Hanlon, S Maekawa, and F Preusser. "Nitrogen Fumigation: a Viable Alternative ."International Council of Museums, 14th Triennial Meeting.

Daniel, V, and Lambert FL. "Ageless Oxygen Scavanger: Practical Applications." WAAC Newsletter 15, no. 2 (1993): 12-14.

Dawson, J. "The Effects of Insecticides on Museum Artefacts and Materials." A Guide To Museum Pest Control. eds L. A. Zycherman, and JR SchrockWashington DC: Association of Systematic Collections, 1988.

Doyle, Adrian M., David Pinninger, and Suzanne Ryder. "Risk Zones for IPM: From Concept to Implementation." Collection Forum 22, no. 1-2 (2007): 23-31.

Florian, M. L. "Ethylene Oxide Fumigation: A Literature Review of the Problems and Interactions With Materials and Substances in Artefacts." A Guide To Museum Pest Control. eds L. A. Zycherman, and JR SchrockWashington DC: Association of Systematic Collections, 1988.

Florian, ML. "The Effect on Artefact Materials of the Fumigant Ethylene Oxide and Freezing Used in Insect Control."ICOM Committee for Conservation, 8th Triennial Meeting.

———. "The Freezing Process-Effect on Insects and Artefact Materials." Leather Conservation News 3, no. 1 (1986).

Gagelmann, M. First Results of a Pilot Decontamination in a PCP Polluted Building by Means of a Humidity Controlled Thermal Process.

Gilberg, M. "Inert Atmosphere Fumigation of Museum Objects." Studies in Conservation 34 (1989).

Gilberg, Mark. "The Effects of Low Oxygen Atmospheres on Museum Pests." Studies in Conservation 36 (1991): 93-98.

Hadlington, PW. A Guide to Pest Control in Australia. Sydney, Australia: NSW University Press, 1976.

Hanlon, G, V Daniel, N Ravenel, and S Maekawa. "Dynamic System for Nitrogen Anoxia of Large Museum Objects: A Pest Eradication Case Study."Second International Conference on Biodeterioration of Cultural Property.

Hedges, Stoy. Field Guide for the Management of Structure Infesting Flies. Cleveland: G.I.E. Inc., 1998.

Hedges, Stoy, and Mark Lacey. Field Guide for the Management of Structure Infesting Beetles, Vol. 2. Cleveland: Franzak and Foster Co..

Hillyer, L, and V Blyth. "Carpet Beetles A Pilot Study in Detection and Control." The Conservator 16 (1992): 65-77.

Jessup, Wendy. Integrated Pest Management: A Selected Bibliography for Collections Care. Arlington, VA: 1997.

Kesse, Erich. Letter About Fumigation.

Kigawa, R., H. Nochide, Y. Miyazawa, S. Miura, and Thomas J. K. Strang. "Carbon Dioxide Adsorption by Various Kinds of Materials in the Eradication of Museum Pest Insects. " Science for Conservation 42, no. 79-86.

Kingsley, Helen, David Pinninger, Amber Xavier-Rowe, and Peter Winsor. Integrated Pest Management for Collections, Proceedings of 2001: A Pest OdysseyEnglish Heritage.

Koestler, R. "Practical Application of Nitrogen and Argon Fumigation Procedures for Insect Control in Museum Objects." in International Conference of Bio Deterioration of Cultural Property, 96-981992.

Koestler, R., T. Crtomir, and F. Pohleven. "A New Approach on the Conservation of Wooden Heritage."International Research Group on Wood Preservation, 35th Annual MeetingStockholm, Sweden : International Researc Group Secretariat, 2004.

Linnie, Martyn J. "Intergrated Pest Management: A Proposed Strategy for Natural History Museums." Museum Management and Curatorship 15 , no. 2 (1996): 133-43.

Maekawa, Shin, and Kerstin Elert. The Use of Oxygen-Free Environments in the Control of Museum Insect Pests. Studies in Coervation. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 2003.

Mallis, Arnold. Handbook of Pest ControlMallis Handbook and Technical Training Company, 1997.

———. Handbook of Pest Control : the Behavior, Life History, and Control of Household Pests by Arnold Mallis. 9 ed. Cleveland, OH: GIE Media Inc., 2004.
Notes: Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Submitted by Laura Smyk

Mastromei, G. "Choosing a Museum Vaccum Cleaner." (2003): 189-90.

Mibach, Lisa. "Modifications to Home Freezers for Pest Control." WAAC Newsletter (1994): 26-27.

Motylewsky, Karen. "Pest, Insect & Fungus Management - Conference Notes." .

Mueller, D. Stored Product Protection...A Period of Transition. Indianapolis: Insects Limited, Inc., 1998.

National Park Service. " Annox Environments: A Treatment for Pest Control." (1999).

———. "Dusting Wood Objects." (2002): 1-4.

National Park Service. " National Park and Service Intergrated Pest Management Manual." Web page, Available at http://www.nature.nps.gov/biology/ipm/manual/museum.cfm.

Nicholson, Mark, and Werner von Rotberg. "Controlled Environment Heat Treatment As a Safe and Efficient Method of Pest Control."The 2nd International Conferecne on Insect Pests in the Urban Environment.

Pinniger, David. "Insect Control with the Thermo Lignum Treatment." Web page, Available at http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/preservation/training/pests/bibliog/thermo.htm.

Pinniger, David. Insect Pests in MuseumsInstitue of Archaeology Publications, 1989.

Pinniger, David, Adrian Meyer, and Annette Townsend. Pest Management in Museums, Archives and Historic Houses. London: Archetype Publications Ltd., 2001.

Pinzl, Ann. "Modifying a Freezer for Pest Control." SPNHC Newsletter 7 (2), no. 4 (1993).

———. "Modifying a Freezer for Pest Control." in Modifications to Home Freezers for Pest Control. WAAC Newsletter. Lisa Mibach, 26-27. Vol. 16. 1994.

Price, Lois Olcott. Managing a Mold Invasion: Guidelines For Disaster Response. CCAHA Technical Series, No. 1. Philadelphia, PA: Conservation Centre For Art and Historic Artifacts, 1996.
Notes: An excellent summary of response and recovery techniques. Includes a good bibliography that cites articles on the effects of fumigation on collections. Available from CCAHA . 264 South 23rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 111119103; (215) 545-0613, fax (215) 735-9313, or email: CCAHA@shrsys.hslc.org

Rose, C. L. Storage of Natural History Collections: A Preventive Conservation Approach. SPNHC.., 1995.

Rust, Michael K., and Janice M. Kennedy. The Feasibility of Using Modified Atmospheres to Control Insect Pests in Museums.Getty Conservation Institue, 1993.

Schwartz, P. H. Guidelines for the Control of Insect and Mite Pests of Food, Fibers, Feeds, Ornamentals, Livestock, and Households. USDA-ARS Handbook, 584. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1982.

Selwitz, Charles and Shin Maekawa. "Inert Gases in the Control of Museum Insect Pests." Web page, Available at http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications/pdf_publications/inertgases.pdf.

Housekeeping for Historic Sites. Society for the Preservation of New England Antiques. The Musuem Shop.

Story, Keith O. Approaches to Pest Management in Museums. Suitland, Maryland: Smithsonian Institution Conservation Analytical Laboratory, 1985.

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